• Users Online: 3194
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page
Home About us Editorial board Ahead of print Browse Articles Search Archives Submit article Instructions Subscribe Contacts Login 


 
 Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2020  |  Volume : 11  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 123

Factors associated with tendency for weight loss in a representative sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-V study


1 Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2 Department of Epidemiology, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
3 Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4 Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
5 Department of Health Psychology, Research Center of Education Ministry Studies, Tehran, Iran
6 Bureau of Family, Population, Youth and School Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran

Date of Submission26-Sep-2019
Date of Acceptance20-Feb-2020
Date of Web Publication19-Aug-2020

Correspondence Address:
Roya Kelishadi
Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
Iran
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_358_19

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 


Background: This study aims to determine the factors affecting the tendency to lose weight (TLW) and its methods in Iranian children and adolescents. Methods: In this cross-sectional nationwide study 14800 students, aged 7–18 years, living in 30 provinces of Iran were selected via multistage cluster random sampling method. The dietary and physical activity habits and TLW as well as psychosocial health status, anxiety, self-satisfaction, and change in dietary behaviors were assessed by the global school-based student health survey (WHO-GSHS) questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify factors influencing TLW. Results: Overall, 14274 students (participation rate of 99%), consisting of 51% boys and 71.4% urban residents, completed the study. Of them, 37.7% (51.4% Girls and 48.6% boys) tended to lose weight. In multivariate model, the odds for TLW was 12% higher in students aged 13–18 years than those aged 6–12 years (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.23; P < 0.001). Students with high anxiety level were 43% more likely to have TLW (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.28–1.59; P < 0.001). The odds of increasing physical activity for weight loss was 22% lower in obese than in normal weight students (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.66 to 0.93; P < 0.001). Conclusions: TLW was significantly higher in girls, as well as in those with higher anxiety level. In addition to dietary change, increasing physical activity should be encouraged among children and adolescents with excess weight. Public education regarding proper lifestyle change for reaching healthy weight should be underscored.

Keywords: Adolescents, motivation, obesity, overweight, weight loss


How to cite this article:
Mansouri V, Riahi R, Khademian M, Qorbani M, Heidari-Beni M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, Ziaodini H, Dashti R, Taheri M, Daniali S, Kelishadi R. Factors associated with tendency for weight loss in a representative sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-V study. Int J Prev Med 2020;11:123

How to cite this URL:
Mansouri V, Riahi R, Khademian M, Qorbani M, Heidari-Beni M, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, Ziaodini H, Dashti R, Taheri M, Daniali S, Kelishadi R. Factors associated with tendency for weight loss in a representative sample of children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-V study. Int J Prev Med [serial online] 2020 [cited 2023 Jun 5];11:123. Available from: https://www.ijpvmjournal.net/text.asp?2020/11/1/123/292461




  Introduction Top


Prevalence of childhood obesity is amazingly rising all over the world; it is no more limited to developed countries.[1],[2] Therefore, it is necessary for childhood and adolescence to determine strategies and activities to help them reaching healthy weight.[3]

Recently, different motivations of the individual for these behaviors have been studied. Brown et al. states that students who have family and social motivations have less weight loss than those who have personal motivations.[4] Another study demonstrated that motivations have important role in choosing weight loss plan as well as the amount of compliance for continuation of treatment[5]; from which it has been suggested that strategies to increase the motivation of individuals[6],[7],[8] should be included in weight loss plans in order to get better results.[9],[10]

Plans people use for weight loss have a wide range from healthy weight loss methods such as dieting and exercising to unhealthy ways such as eliminating all three or some of main meals, restriction on certain foods, or following very restricted diets.[11] Factors influencing the choice of healthy or unhealthy weight reduction methods are often associated with factors affecting the tendency to change weight.[4] Therefore, individual motivation for weight reduction, influence on the plan used for weight loss and its continuance, in addition to influence on the choice of weight loss method.

Childhood obesity has an increasing trend in Iran.[12],[13] Therefore, public education is provided for prevention and management of obesity, but there is no previous study on the motivation to change weight and its methods among Iranian children and adolescents. This study aims to determine the factors affecting the tendency to lose weight (TLW) and its usual methods in a national sample of Iranian children and adolescents.


  Materials and Methods Top


This nationwide study was conducted in the framework of the fifth survey of the school-based surveillance system entitled “Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and PreventIon of Adult Non-communicable disease” (CASPIAN-V) study in 2015. Detailed methodology of this study is described before.[14]

Study population and sampling framework

The study population consisted of students, aged 7–18 years, selected by using multi-stage cluster sampling method from urban and rural areas of 30 provinces in Iran. Sampling in each province was proportional to size with equal sex ratio. Maximum sample size for achieving to a good estimate of all risk factors of interest was 14400 students across country (A total of 48 clusters of 10 people in each province). Individuals following special diets, and those having a history of chronic diseases, use of medications were excluded from our analysis. Moreover, subjects with full missing data were excluded.

Procedure and measurements

Two sets of questionnaires were considered for students and their parents. The student's questionnaire was obtained from Persian version of World Health Organization–Global Student Health Survey (WHO-GSHS). Validity and reliability of both questionnaires has been assessed previously.[15]

Characteristics of participant such as dietary habits, psychosocial health status (included worry, depression, confusion, insomnia, anxiety, and aggression, and feelings of being worthless were assessed by seven questions), and self-satisfaction were evaluated by relevant questions in students' questionnaire. Anxiety in students was measured using the question “In the last 12 months, how many times were you so worried, you couldn't sleep?”, anxiety level of students was divided into two categories of low (never, rarely) and high (sometimes, often, always). To assess dietary habits, food frequency questionnaire was applied and nine items include sweets, salty/fatty snacks, soda, fruits, dried fruit, vegetables, sugarsweetened drinks, milk, and fast food. Based on principle component analysis method, five groups of foods were considered as unhealthy foods, including sweets, salty/fatty snacks, soda, sugarsweetened drinks, and fast food and four groups of food including fruits, dried fruit, vegetables, and milk considered as healthy food. Unhealthy and healthy food intake was categorized into tertiles. The first tertile was defined as a low, second tertile as a moderate, and third tertile as a high. The self-reported questions were used to indicate the total amount of times and duration of daily (exercise and/or physically active play) on average, physical activity categorized into two levels: low (<2 times/week) and high (≥2 times/week). Students were asked about the daily time spent in front of screen such as television (TV) and/or videos, computer, or electronic games, Total ST classified into two levels: low ST (<2 hour/day) and high ST (≥2 hour/day). The frequency of eating meal was investigated using the question “How often do you eat breakfast/lunch/dinner in weekdays/weekends?”, the responses about frequency of eating meal were divided into two categories of 5–7 days eating meal (No Skipper) and 4 days or less (Skipper).

To assess the family socio-economic status (SES), principle component analysis method was used on questions about parents' education, employment, and home ownership status, type of school, car ownership and having a personal computer. After summarizing these questions in one component, it was categorized into three level of low, moderate and high SES.

Physical measurements

All measurements were conducted under standard protocol using calibrated instruments. Weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg (with light cloth) and height was measured without shoes to the nearest 0.1 cm.[16] Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing weight (kg) by square of height (m2). We used the WHO growth charts to categorize BMI.[17]

The tendency to lose weight (TLW) and its methods

TLW was measured by response to the question “Do you already have a specific program for changing your body weight or do you have any specific plan?”. Responses were categorized in four forms including “yes”, “no, my weight is good”, “no, but I have to lower my weight” and “no, but I have to increase my weight”. Respectively, the first response represents the TLW while other responses indicate lack of TLW.

Weight loss method was assessed through a question asking participants about program(s) they used for weight loss. Participants responded with the propositions “I do not have any plan for weight loss”, “physical activity”, “diet”, “medications”, “combination of mentioned methods” and “others”.

Change in diet behaviors

Questions were asked about changes in diet behaviors in the year prior to the study; they included: Did you reduce the dietary fat intake?; Did you replace liquid oil instead of solid hydrogenated fat?; Did you increase dietary vegetables?; Did you reduce dietary sugar?; Did you reduce salt intake?; Did you reduce the frequency of fast food consumption?; and Did you increase the intake of fruits?

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using STATA package version 11.0 (Stata Statistical Software: Release 11. StataCorp LP. Package, College Station, TX, USA). Quantitative variables are reported as mean (95% CI) and qualitative variables are reported as percentages (95% CI). Association between categorical variables with TLW was assessed using Chi-square. Multiple logistic regression (MLR) models using the Enter method were fitted to assess the factors that increased or decreased the risk of TLW. All variables having a P value of <0.2 in the univariate analysis were included in the MLR model. P <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The Research and Ethics Council of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences approved the study (Project Number: 194049). After complete explanation of the study objectives and protocols, written informed consent and verbal consent were obtained from parents and students, respectively.


  Results Top


Overall, 14274 students (participation rate 99%) were studied; they consisted of 51% boys and 71.4% urban residents. The mean age of participants was 12.28(12.23, 12.33). According to the self-reports of the students, 37.7% of students was tended to lose weight.

Demographic characteristics of students according to TLW are presented in [Table 1]. Frequency of TLW was significantly higher in girls than in boys (39.5% in girls and 36.5% in boys, respectively, P < 0.001), also TLW was more frequent in students aged 13–18 years (40.4%) than students aged 6–12 years (35.8%). The frequency (95% CI) of TLW in students with high SES and was significantly higher than students with low SES (40.9% (39.5, 42.4) vs. 37.5% (36.1, 38.9), P < 0.001) [Table 1].
Table 1: Association between independent variable and tendency to lose weight in the univariate model: the CASPIAN-V Study

Click here to view


Association between independent variable and TLW using multivariate logistic regression is presented in [Table 2]. The odds of TLW in children aged 6-12 years was 12% higher than those aged 13-18 years (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.23) (P <0.001). Students with low level of physical activity were 50% less likely to be tended to lose weight than those with high physical activity. The odds of TLW in students with high anxiety level was 43% higher than others (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.59; P < 0.001). Overweight students and obese students respectively had 27% and 55% higher TLW than their normal weight peers (P <0.05). TLW in students who intake their meal regularly, was 26% lower than others (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.67 to 0.83; P < 0.001) [Table 2].
Table 2: Association between independent variable and tendency to lose weight in the multivariate logistic regression model: the CASPIAN-V Study

Click here to view


Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis on the association between BMI and weight loss behaviors are represented in [Table 3]. The odds of physical activity for weight loss were 22% lower in obese than in normal weight students (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.66 to 0.93; P < 0.001). Obese students were 32% more likely to change their diet for losing weight than normal weight students did (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.59; P < 0.05). Weight loss behaviors had no significant difference between overweight and normal weight students.
Table 3: Association of weight status with weight loss behaviors and change in diet behaviors: the CASPIAN-V study

Click here to view


The odds ratio of reducing fat consumption, replacing liquid oil instead of solid hydrogenated fat, increasing vegetables consumption, reducing sugar consumption, reducing the consumption frequency of fast food and junk food, as well as increasing fruit consumption was significantly higher in obese than in normal weight students (P <0.05). There was no significant difference between obese and normal weight students in reducing salt intake (P > 0.05). In overweight students, the odds ratio of reducing dietary sugar was significantly higher than normal weight students (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.005 to 1.27; P < 0.05). Other changes in dietary behaviors were not significantly different between overweight and normal weight students [Table 3].

Frequency of changes in diet behaviors according to the BMI of students is demonstrated in [Figure 1]. It shows that increasing physical activity for weight loss was significantly more frequent in normal weight than in obese students (P <0.05). Except than reducing salt intake, all other changes in diet behaviors were significantly more frequent in obese than in normal weight students (P <0.05). Reducing the frequency of fast food consumption for weight loss was significantly higher in obese than in overweight students (71.3% vs. 66.9%, respectively, P < 0.05) [Figure 1].
Figure 1:Frequency of changes in dietary behaviors according to weight status of participants: the CASPIAN-V study

Click here to view



  Discussion Top


This study shows that TLW was significantly higher in participants aged 13–18 years, and those with higher SES and higher anxiety level. Overweight and obese participants followed dietary changes more than attempts to increase their physical activity.

TLW was more frequent in overweight and obese students; this finding is in line with some previous studies.[4],[18],[19]

We found that TLW was higher in girls than boys; it is consistent with some previous studies.[18],[20] It is shown that girls overestimate their weight more than boys,[21],[22] and most of adolescent girls felt that they should lose weight. On the other hand, some overweight boys reported tendency to gain weight, probably as a suggestion for increasing their strength.[18]

In our study, older students had higher TLW; this finding is in line with some previous studies, which showed that TLW was more frequent in adolescents than in children because of higher exposure to obesity messages.[4],[21] One possible explanation for this finding might be the greater impact of social influence, cultural pressure about obesity, and more understanding and accountability of these adolescents. However, some studies revealed more complex association of TLW with age.[4],[21],[23] For instance, the study by Al Sabbah et al. revealed that older adolescences showed lower TLW in comparison to their younger counterparts.[23]

In the current study, TLW was significantly more frequent in students with high SES status. Similarly, the study of Drewnowski et al. revealed that dieting, binging and vigorous exercise are less frequent in low SES families.[24] This finding suggests the considerable effects of lifestyle habits on TLW. The reason for this finding could be higher awareness, more access to health facilities and the media, more health advices, as well as higher influence of their peers and families.

We found that students who were not satisfied with themselves showed more TLW than other students; also students with proper psychological health status had lower TLW than students with low psychological health status. These findings are consistent with some previous studies that reported lower self-satisfaction and self-esteem scores in adolescents thinking that they need to lose weight.[25],[26] Self-satisfaction along with body image are of the most important factors affecting TLW so that students who consider themselves as overweight and are not satisfied with their body shape, regardless of actual weight, have shown greater TLW.[27],[28] However, many studies showed that actual weight of individuals are associated with their weight loss behaviors, but their perception of their weight and themselves is the important predicator of weight control behaviors.[21],[29] Therefore, we have some overweight persons who perceive themselves as normal weight and do not try to take part in any weight control behaviors and in the other hand we have some normal weight individuals who perceive themselves as overweight and therefore preform weight loss behaviors, mostly in unhealthy ways such as strict diets and skipping meals.[4] It seems that increasing awareness about medical definitions of being overweight could lead to higher accuracy of weight perceptions and therefore results in healthier lifestyle and weight-related behaviors.[30]

In our study, TLW was not frequent in students with healthy diet. This can be because of their healthy lifestyle and appropriate weight status. Conversely, in those with unhealthy diet or irregular meals intake or those who skipped breakfast and dinner, TLW was more frequent. It could be due to their unhealthy lifestyle and habits, resulting in higher weights.[31]

In the present study, using diet for weight loss was more common among obese students than their normal weight peers, and increasing physical activity was less common. Similarly, a study on 8,330 school students revealed that overweight adolescents were less likely to use healthy weight management strategies and were more likely to be on dieting and using unhealthy weight control behaviors than their counterparts.[32] Moreover, it is reported that some adolescents, especially obese girls, follow improper ways for weight reduction including severe diet restriction; using food substitutes; skipping meals; using laxatives, diuretics, or weight loss medication; or inducing vomiting.[33] It is shown that obese individuals believe in lower effectiveness of physical activity in comparison to non-obese persons.[34] One possible explanation for these findings might be their high based expectations and low self-efficacy, which are two important factors for interpreting the effectiveness of weight reduction plans.[35] Moreover, it is shown that children and adolescents who decide to lose weight because of teasing and mockery are more likely to use unhealthy ways such as dieting, which are associated with future eating disorders.[4],[36] Because of increasing prevalence of obesity, more and more children and adolescents would engage in unhealthy behaviors, in struggle to achieve a healthy weight. Thus, directing them toward reducing sedentary behaviors and promoting more active lifestyle becomes necessary.[37]

We found that reduced dietary fat/fast food and increased dietary vegetable and fruits for weight loss were more common in families with obese children compare to the families with normal weight children. However, no differences were observed between overweight and normal weight students. One possible cause could be the parents' perception of their children weight. Studies reported that parents usually underestimate their child weight.[38],[39] At this age, parents' perception of their child is one of the most important factors for implementing weight loss behaviors, because they can provide opportunities for their child to lose weight.[19],[40] Moreover, parents can provide encouragement/punishment system for reinforcing healthy weight change behaviors.[41],[42]

Study limitations and strengths: The cross- sectional design of this study is its major limitation. The main strengths are its novelty in the region and studying a large national sample of pediatric population.


  Conclusions Top


Some factors such as gender, age, lifestyle habits, anxiety, and psychological health were associated with tendency to lose weight. Using diet for lose weight was more common among obese children and adolescents. Obese students were less likely to increase physical activity for weight loss. Lifestyle change in terms of healthy eating and increasing physical activity should be encouraged in children and adolescents with excess weight.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the students who participated in this study, as well as their schools' staff, executive research team, and all relevant administrators.

Financial support and sponsorship

This study was conducted as a part of a national surveillance program. The funding source had no involvement in the study design; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.



 
  References Top

1.
Kelishadi R. Childhood overweight, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. Epidemiol Rev 2007;29:62-76.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Mehrkash M, Kelishadi R, Mohammadian S, Mousavinasab F, Qorbani M, Hashemi ME, et al. Obesity and metabolic syndrome among a representative sample of Iranian adolescents. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2012;43:756-63.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Kushner RF, Ryan DH. Assessment and lifestyle management of patients with obesity: Clinical recommendations from systematic reviews. JAMA 2014;312:943-52.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Brown CL, Skelton JA, Perrin EM, Skinner AC. Behaviors and motivations for weight loss in children and adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md) 2016;24:446-52.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Resnicow K, Davis R, Zhang N, Strecher V, Tolsma D, Calvi J, et al. Tailoring a fruit and vegetable intervention on ethnic identity: Results of a randomized study. Health Psychol 2009;28:394-403.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Armstrong MJ, Mottershead TA, Ronksley PE, Sigal RJ, Campbell TS, Hemmelgarn BR. Motivational interviewing to improve weight loss in overweight and/or obese patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev 2011;12:709-23.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
DiLillo V, West DS. Motivational interviewing for weight loss. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2011;34:861-9.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Pietrabissa G, Manzoni GM, Corti S, Vegliante N, Molinari E, Castelnuovo G. Addressing motivation in globesity treatment: A new challenge for clinical psychology. Front Psychol 2012;3:317.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Ceccarini M, Borrello M, Pietrabissa G, Manzoni GM, Castelnuovo G. Assessing motivation and readiness to change for weight management and control: An in-depth evaluation of three sets of instruments. Front Psychol 2015;6:511  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Teixeira PJ, Going SB, Sardinha LB, Lohman TG. A review of psychosocial pre-treatment predictors of weight control. Obes Rev 2005;6:43-65.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Lowry R, Galuska DA, Fulton JE, Wechsler H, Kann L, Collins JL. Physical activity, food choice, and weight management goals and practices among US college students. Am J Prev Med 2000;18:18-27.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Djalalinia S, Kelishadi R, Qorbani M, Peykari N, Kasaeian A, Nasli-Esfahani E, et al. Asystematic review on the prevalence of overweight and obesity, in Iranian children and adolescents. Iran J Pediatr 2016;26:e2599.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Kelishadi R, Haghdoost AA, Sadeghirad B, Khajehkazemi R. Trend in the prevalence of obesity and overweight among Iranian children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif) 2014;30:393-400.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Motlagh ME, Ziaodini H, Qorbani M, Taheri M, Aminaei T, Goodarzi A, et al. Methodology and early findings of the fifth survey of childhood and adolescence surveillance and prevention of adult noncommunicable disease: The CASPIAN-V study. Int J Prev Med 2017;8:4.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Kelishadi R, Motlagh ME, Roomizadeh P, Abtahi SH, Qorbani M, Taslimi M, et al. First report on path analysis for cardiometabolic components in a nationally representative sample of pediatric population in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): The CASPIAN-III Study. Ann Nutr Metab 2013;62:257-65.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Physical status: The use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organization technical report series. 1995;854:1-452. Epub 1995/01/01. PubMed PMID: 8594834.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
WHO Child Growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992) Supplement. 2006;450:76-85. Epub 2006/07/05. PubMed PMID: 16817681.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Ojala K, Vereecken C, Valimaa R, Currie C, Villberg J, Tynjala J, et al. Attempts to lose weight among overweight and non-overweight adolescents: A cross-national survey. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2007;4:50.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Taveras EM, Hohman KH, Price SN, Rifas-Shiman SL, Mitchell K, Gortmaker SL, et al. Correlates of participation in a pediatric primary care-based obesity prevention intervention. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md) 2011;19:449-52.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Strauss RS. Self-reported weight status and dieting in a cross-sectional sample of young adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153:741-7.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Chung AE, Perrin EM, Skinner AC. Accuracy of child and adolescent weight perceptions and their relationships to dieting and exercise behaviors: A NHANES study. Acad Pediatr 2013;13:371-8.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Martin MA, Frisco ML, May AL. Gender and race/ethnic differences in inaccurate weight perceptions among U.S. adolescents. Womens Health Issues 2009;19:292-9.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Al Sabbah H, Vereecken C, Abdeen Z, Kelly C, Ojala K, Nemeth A, et al. Weight control behaviors among overweight, normal weight and underweight adolescents in Palestine: Findings from the national study of Palestinian schoolchildren (HBSC-WBG2004). Int J Eat Disord 2010;43:326-36.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Drewnowski A, Kurth CL, Krahn DD. Body weight and dieting in adolescence: Impact of socioeconomic status. Int J Eat Disord 1994;16:61-5.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Canpolat BI, Orsel S, Akdemir A, Ozbay MH. The relationship between dieting and body image, body ideal, self-perception, and body mass index in Turkish adolescents. Int J Eat Disord 2005;37:150-5.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Emmons L. Predisposing factors differentiating adolescent dieters and nondieters. J Am Diet Assoc 1994;94:725-8, 31; quiz 9-30.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.
Andriani H, Liao CY, Kuo HW. Parental weight changes as key predictors of child weight changes. BMC Public Health 2015;15:645.  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.
Bahreynian M, Qorbani M, Motlagh ME, Heshmat R, Ardalan G, Kelishadi R. Association of perceived weight status versus body mass index on adherence to weight-modifying plan among Iranian children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-IV study. Indian Pediatr 2015;52:857-63.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.
Kelishadi R, Marashinia F, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, Qorbani M, Taslimi M, et al. First report on body image and weight control in a nationally representative sample of a pediatric population in the Middle East and North Africa: The CASPIAN-III study. Arch Med Sci 2013;9:210-7.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.
Brener ND, Eaton DK, Lowry R, McManus T. The association between weight perception and BMI among high school students. Obes Res 2004;12:1866-74.  Back to cited text no. 30
    
31.
Berge JM, Maclehose R, Loth KA, Eisenberg M, Bucchianeri MM, Neumark-Sztainer D. Parent conversations about healthful eating and weight: Associations with adolescent disordered eating behaviors. JAMA Pediatr 2013;167:746-53.  Back to cited text no. 31
    
32.
Boutelle K, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Resnick M. Weight control behaviors among obese, overweight, and nonoverweight adolescents. J Pediatr Psychol 2002;27:531-40.  Back to cited text no. 32
    
33.
Loth K, Wall M, Larson N, Neumark-Sztainer D. Disordered eating and psychological well-being in overweight and nonoverweight adolescents: Secular trends from 1999 to 2010. Int J Eat Disord 2015;48:323-7.  Back to cited text no. 33
    
34.
Epstein LH, Smith JA, Vara LS, Rodefer JS. Behavioral economic analysis of activity choice in obese children. Health Psychol 1991;10:311-6.  Back to cited text no. 34
    
35.
McWhorter JW, Wallmann HW, Alpert PT. The obese child: Motivation as a tool for exercise. J Pediatr Health Care 2003;17:11-7.  Back to cited text no. 35
    
36.
Neumark-Sztainer D, Wall M, Story M, Standish AR. Dieting and unhealthy weight control behaviors during adolescence: Associations with 10-year changes in body mass index. J Adolesc Health 2012;50:80-6.  Back to cited text no. 36
    
37.
Crespo CJ, Smit E, Troiano RP, Bartlett SJ, Macera CA, Andersen RE. Television watching, energy intake, and obesity in US children: Results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155:360-5.  Back to cited text no. 37
    
38.
Chen HY, Lemon SC, Pagoto SL, Barton BA, Lapane KL, Goldberg RJ. Personal and parental weight misperception and self-reported attempted weight loss in US children and adolescents, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2008 and 2009-2010. Prev Chronic Dis 2014;11:E132.  Back to cited text no. 38
    
39.
Edwards NM, Pettingell S, Borowsky IW. Where perception meets reality: Self-perception of weight in overweight adolescents. Pediatrics 2010;125:e452-8.  Back to cited text no. 39
    
40.
Niemeier BS, Hektner JM, Enger KB. Parent participation in weight-related health interventions for children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Med 2012;55:3-13.  Back to cited text no. 40
    
41.
Jalali MS, Sharafi-Avarzaman Z, Rahmandad H, Ammerman AS. Social influence in childhood obesity interventions: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2016;17:820-32.  Back to cited text no. 41
    
42.
Kelman HC. Compliance, identification, and internalization: Three processes of attitude change. J Conflict Resolut 1958;2:51-60.  Back to cited text no. 42
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
Access Statistics
Email Alert *
Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)

 
  In this article
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Me...
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Article Figures
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed2576    
    Printed46    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded192    
    Comments [Add]    

Recommend this journal


[TAG2]
[TAG3]
[TAG4]