The oral cancer constitutes 48% of head and neck cancer cases. Ninety percent of oral cancer cases are histologically diagnosed as oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). Despite new management strategies, the 5-year survival rate of oral cancer is still below 50% in most countries. Head and neck cancers are heterogeneous tumors, and this characteristic of them provides a challenge to treatment plan. Due to the poor outcomes in oral cancer, prevention is a necessity. In this review, a relevant English Literature search in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar from 2000 to mid-2018 was performed. All published articles related to oral cancer and its prevention were included. The risk factors of oral cancer and strategies of oral cancer prevention will be discussed.

Background: Today, because of increasing immigration and the prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Iran, identifying intra-community cases is necessary in the country. It will be possible through the use of molecular epidemiologic methods. In this inquiry, in order to determine the role of immigrants in the transmission of specific strains to Iran, the studies have been examined which had been conducted based on molecular epidemiologic methods among Iranians and non-Iranians people. Methods: All studies from 1997 to the end of March 2017 were examined in three databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar and finally, 16 studies were selected. Results: The common clustering rate between Iranians and non-Iranians was determined to be 19.8, and the intra-community recent transmission rate was from 0% to 49% with average of 18.1%. The rate of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) was 12.5%, which was higher among immigrants, especially Afghans, and a significant number of the strains were Beijing. Conclusions: The studies have shown that migrants, especially Afghans, are more effective in transmitting specific strains of tuberculosis to migratory areas. To control tuberculosis, it is necessary to register of immigrant's health information, while enter to the country, so that, by doing appropriate diagnostic tests, the curing the patients, the transmission of tuberculosis to the country would be prevented.

Vitamin D (Vit. D) is among the most important elements of the human body that play pivotal roles in health and disease. It belongs to the fat-soluble secosteroid family, which is provided by either foods or direct exposure to sunlight that converts 7-hydroxycholesterol to the Vit. D precursor. An alternative step is bio-activation, which delivers an active form of Vit. D (Vit. D3), which participates in various noticeable functions including calcium regulation, bone remodeling, fertility, glucose control, and detoxification. The most recent literature is carefully reviewed (2049 articles) and the relative information was collected and discussed meticulously. Inclusion criteria were the articles that mentioned the relationship between Vit. D, adipokine, and kidney disease and exclusion criteria were nonrelevant articles. Vit. D plays several roles in the normal function of the kidney and metabolism. It has been revealed that Vit. D has a crucial impact on kidney disease and that its deficiency leads to kidney dysfunction and further renal disorder. Apart from the direct relationship of Vit. D with kidney disease, the association of adipocytes and adipokines with Vit. D and kidney function has also been studied. The noticeable role of Vit. D in kidney disease is investigated in various studies. It has been found that Vit. D has a pivotal role in kidney function and metabolism. Further study can reveal the better-detailed information about the exact relation of Vit. D and kidney disorders. The aim of the review was to provide a better insight into the exact role of Vit. D and adipokine in the kidney disease.

Rabbit strains find immense application in biomedical research with every strain having their discrete advantage in specific research endeavor. Acceptability of rabbit strains as laboratory animals owes to their breeding ease, availability, cost-effectiveness, ethical conveniences, larger size, compared to rats and mice, and responsiveness. With respect to different life phases, the article displays that one human year is equivalent to: (1) in developmental phase, 56.77 days for New Zealand White (NZW) and New Zealand Red (NZR) rabbits, 71.01 days for Dutch belted and Polish rabbits, and 85.28 days for Californian rabbits; (2) in the prepubertal phase, 13.04 days for NZW and Dutch belted, 15.65 days for NZR and Californian, and 10.43 days for Polish rabbits; (3) in the adult phase, 18.25 days for NZW and Californian rabbits, 22.75 days for NZR, and 12 days for Dutch Belted and Polish rabbits; (4) during reproductive senescence, 42.94 days for NZW, NZR and Californian rabbits, 28.62 days for Dutch belted, and 25.05 days for Polish rabbits; (5) in the post-senescence phase, 50.34 days for NZW, 25.17 days for NZR, Dutch Belted and Californian and 31.46 days for Polish rabbits. The laboratory rabbit strains differ in various physiological, developmental and genetic make-ups, which also reflect upon the correlation of their age at different life stages with that of a human. The present article aids selection of laboratory rabbit strain of accurate age as per experimental need, by precisely relating the same with age of human considering different life stages.